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      大學(xué)英語四六級考試語法輔導(dǎo)

      時間:2022-11-11 22:01:59 考試英語 我要投稿
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      2015大學(xué)英語四六級考試語法輔導(dǎo)

        詞類(parts of speech)

      2015大學(xué)英語四六級考試語法輔導(dǎo)

        英語的詞通常分為十大類:

        1)名詞(noun,縮寫為n.)是人和事物的名稱,如pen(鋼筆),English(英語),life(生活)。

        2)代詞(pronoun,縮寫為pron.)是用來代替名詞的詞,如we(我們),his(他的),all(全部)。

        3)形容詞(adjective,縮寫為adj.)用來修飾名詞,如great(偉大的),honest(誠實(shí)的),difficult(困難的)。

        4)數(shù)詞(numeral,縮寫為num.)是表示"多少"和"第幾"的詞,如four(四),eighteen(十八),first(第一),eighth(十八),hundred(一百)。

        5)動詞(verb,縮寫為v)表示動作和狀態(tài),如write(寫),walk(行走),think(想)。

        6)副詞(adverb,縮寫為。adv.)是修飾動詞、形容詞和副詞的詞,如quickly(快),often(經(jīng)常),very(很)。

        7)冠詞(article,縮寫為art.)說明名詞所指的人或物的詞,如a,an(一個),the(這,那)。

        8)介詞(preposition,縮寫為prep.)表示名詞(或代詞)與句子里其它詞的關(guān)系,如from(從),in(在…內(nèi)),between(在…之間)。

        9)連詞(conjunction,縮寫為conj.)是連接詞、短語、從句和句子的詞,如and(和),because(因為),if(假如)。

        10)感嘆詞(interjection,縮寫為int.)表示感情,如。oh(噢),aha(啊哈),hush(噓)。

        [注一]屬于前六類(名、代、形、數(shù)、動、副等詞)的詞都有實(shí)義,叫做實(shí)詞(notional word)。屬于后四類(冠、介、連、感等詞)的詞沒有實(shí)義,叫做虛詞(form word)。

        [注二]不少詞可以屬于幾個詞類,如work(工作;動詞和名詞),fast(快;形容詞和副詞),since(自從;連詞和介詞)等。

        句子成分(members of the sentence)

        英語的句子由主語部分與謂語部分組成。具體地講,主要有下列六種句子成分:

        1)主語(subject)它是句子所要說明的人或事物,是一句的主體。如I study English(我學(xué)習(xí)英語)中的I。

        2)謂語動詞(predicate verb)它是說明主語的動作或狀態(tài)的,如I study English中的study。

        3)表語(predicative)它是放在連系動詞之后表示主語的身分或特征的,如I am a student(我是一個學(xué)生)中的student;Our classroom is clean(我們的教室很干凈)中的clean。

        4)賓語(object)它是表示及物動詞動作的對象的,如I study English中的English。介詞后面的名詞或代詞,叫做介詞的賓語,如They don't work on Sunday(他們星期天不工作)中的Sunday,就是介詞on的賓語。

        5)定語(attribute)它是限定或修飾名詞或代詞用的,如He likes to drink co1d milk(他喜歡喝冷牛奶)中的co1d。

        6)狀語(adverbial)它是修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞用的,如He works hard(他努力工作)中的hard。

        [注]虛詞在句子中一律不能作為句子成分。

        動詞(時態(tài),語態(tài),用法,省略,一致性等)

        時態(tài)

        1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài) (have/has been + -ing 分詞構(gòu)成): 動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時開始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.

        I’ve been writing letters for an hour.

        I’ve been sitting in the garden.

        2)過去完成進(jìn)行時(由had been + ing分詞構(gòu)成): 過去某個時刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動作

        I’d been working for some time when he called.

        We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.

        3)將來完成進(jìn)行時: 將來某個時刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動作.

        By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.

        In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.

        4)將來完成時(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構(gòu)成): 將來某時已發(fā)生的事.

        I shall have finished this one before lunch.

        They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.

        語態(tài)

        可以有兩種被動結(jié)構(gòu)的類型,例如:

        He was said to be jealous of her success.

        It was said that he was jealous of her success.

        能同時適用于上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”,“相信”等意義的動詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.

        It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.

        The ship is supposed to have been sunk.

        擔(dān)當(dāng)be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如:

        Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制)

        雙賓語及賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài)

        雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài): 雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z.

        He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

        Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.

        賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài):

        She was called Big Sister by everybody.

        Then he was made a squad leader.

        He was considered quite qualified for the job.

        The room was always kept clean and tidy.

        短語動詞

        Vi + adv

        The plane took off two hours late.

        Vi + prep

        They looked round the Cathedral.

        Vi + prep (有被動語態(tài))

        She’s looking after her sister’s children.

        The children were always well looked after.

        Vi + adv + prep

        I began to look forward to their visits.

        Vt + O + adv

        Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.

        The children were brought up by their mother.

        They took him on.

        Vt + adv + O (無被動語態(tài))

        I am trying to give up smoking.

        Vt + O + prep

        We talked Donald into agreement.

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